Abstract
This study presents an analytical model to estimate the vertical distribution of streamwise velocity in double-layered flexible vegetation. The model divides the flow into distinct zones based on force balance conditions. Validation was conducted using experimental data from previous studies, demonstrating strong agreement between model predictions and observed velocity profiles. The influence of vegetation bending angles on velocity distribution was examined, revealing minimal impact in the lower vegetation zone for a fixed vegetation density. The model also incorporates wave effects using Keulegan–Carpenter (KC) numbers and evaluates both linear and nonlinear Stokes wave theories. The findings highlight the role of vegetation flexibility in modifying flow resistance, contributing to improved predictions of flood mitigation, erosion control, and wetland hydrodynamics.