Abstract
The Indian cement industry alone contributes for 7% of total CO2 emissions. Majority of these emissions originate from clinker production, which is the primary intermediate product in cement manufacturing. Clinker consumes about 3.07-3.3 GJ/t of thermal energy were predominately supplied by fossil fuels, while limestone calcination further results in emissions of 0.9-1 t CO2eq./t. Hence, to decarbonize clinker production, fossil fuels must be replaced with alternative fuels and implementing carbon capture technologies to capture the CO2 emitted from the calcination process. In this regard, this study evaluates the potential of rice husk (RH) and torrefied rice husk (TRH) as alternative fuels to decarbonize clinker production, along with the integration of carbon capture and storage (CCS). Six scenarios were developed and compared with business-as-usual (BAU) through a cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment to identify the environmental sustainability of the process. Among these, scenarios 5 and 6 demonstrated the highest emission reductions, with emissions reduced from 926.5 kg CO2eq./t of clinker in BAU to 709.7 kg CO2eq./t in scenario 5 and 708.7 kg CO2eq./t in scenario 6. The emission reduction was mainly attributed to the substitution of fossil fuels (25%) with RH and TRH, along with CCS. Hence, the use of alternative fuels along with CCS can facilitate to reduce the carbon intensity of clinker production and aid India in achieving its decarbonization target (560 kg CO2eq./t of cement) for the cement sector by 2030.