Conventional leaching methods in metal mobilization and recovery is a troublesome process require strong acids and other associated facilities, which are not favourable and ecofriendly, posing severe hazardous threats to the environment. Discovery of microbial leaching properties opens a new avenue in metal mobilization and recovery. Various technologies have been developed concerning the application of microbes in metal mobilization and recovery from the sources employing microbial leaching mechanism. The present chapter attempted to draw an updated picture on the current advancement of bioleaching in metal mobilization considering the brief historical perspective, bioleaching mechanism, microbes in bioleaching, factores influencing the bioleaching process and its application as green technology and nanoparticle processing. The chapter summarily concluded that bioleaching is a green and environment friendly biotechnological application, has broad future prospects and its current research and advancement openning newer avenues for developing cleaner and greener environment.