Numerous researchers agree that zinc oxide (ZnO) is a highly prospective metal oxide semiconductor for use in gas sensing and optoelectronics. In this work, RF magnetron sputtering was used to deposit ZnO thin films with thicknesses ranging from 40 nm to 200 nm on soda-lime glass substrates. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), photoluminescence (PL), optical spectroscopy, and current–voltage (I–V) measurements under both dark and ultraviolet (UV) illumination conditions were used to systematically examine the impact of film thickness on the structural, morphological, optical, and electrical characteristics. All films had a highly preferred (002) orientation, which indicates c-axis-oriented growth, according to XRD analysis. As thickness increased, crystallite size increased from about 15 nm to about 35 nm. In addition to the beginning of morphological coarsening at 200 nm, FESEM observations revealed a gradual evolution from fine, densely packed grains at lower thickness to larger, coalesced grains at higher thickness. High transparency (> 80%) in the visible region was found in optical studies, and as thickness increased, transmittance gradually decreased, and the absorption edge shifted to the red. Microstructural evolution and potential strain relaxation effects are responsible for the optical band gap’s decrease from 3.41 eV to 3.29 eV. The photoluminescence spectra showed a broad deep-level emission in the visible region and near-band-edge emission in the UV region. While thinner and intermediate thicknesses showed strong near-band-edge emission, thicker films (> 120 nm) showed broadening and decreased intensity of this peak along with increased deep-level emission, indicating a greater contribution from recombination processes related to defects. Ohmic contact behavior and the existence of photoconductive response were indicated by electrical measurements that showed linear and symmetric I-V characteristics under both dark and UV illumination. Up to an intermediate range, the photocurrent increased with thickness; at higher thicknesses, the contrast between illuminated and dark currents decreased. Overall, the results show how ZnO thin-film structural and optoelectronic properties are influenced by film thickness, with intermediate thicknesses providing a balance between crystallinity, optical transparency, and photoconductive response.

Due to its low cost, non-toxicity, and ease of availability, zinc oxide (ZnO) thin film is a promising substitute for ITO in optoelectronic applications. We have used RF sputtering to deposit ZnO thin films as transparent conducting oxide (TCO) films on glass substrates at varying substrate temperatures. It was examined how the substrate temperature affected the optical, morphological, and structural characteristics of ZnO thin films. A strong preferred orientation along the (002) plane, which is highly dependent on substrate temperature, is revealed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements. Additionally, as the substrate temperature rises, grain size increases. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs show how the structure grows and how the surface roughness changes as the substrate temperature rises. With a sharp absorption edge at 375 nm, which closely matches the intrinsic band gap of ZnO (~ 3.3 eV), optical absorption spectra reveal high transparency of the film (95% transmission) in the visible region. As per photoluminescence (PL), the UV PL emission in ZnO thin films can be affected by both crystal quality and stoichiometry. When compared to other substrate temperatures, samples deposited at 175 °C exhibit superior properties. We annealed (post-deposition) the sample, which had excellent characteristics (ZnO thin film deposited at 175 °C), at four different temperatures to observe the further impact of the thermal process on the structural, morphological, and optical properties of ZnO thin film. At last, the I-V curve for the fabricated device at different substrate temperature were shown.

This work presents the modeling and simulation of thin-film transistors (TFTs) based on zinc oxide (ZnO). Strong agreement was found when the developed device model was validated against experimental data. Additionally, the analog performance of ZnO TFTs was examined to find out how the gate dielectric material, dielectric thickness, and operating temperature affect important electrical parameters such as drain current (ID), field-effect mobility (µFE), subthreshold slope (SS), threshold voltage (VTh), on/off current ratio (Ion/Ioff), drain conductance (gd), transconductance (gm), transconductance generation factor (TGF), and early voltage (VEA). With SS = 0.396 V/dec, VTh = 0.49 V, and µFE = 53.2 cm²/V·s, HfO₂ showed the best performance among the dielectrics under investigation. Improved characteristics were obtained by further optimization using a 120 nm HfO₂ layer: µFE = 54.2 cm²/V·s, VTh = 0.27 V, SS = 0.315 V/dec, and Ion/Ioff ≈ 10¹¹. According to temperature-dependent analysis, device performance deteriorates at higher temperatures (> 400 K) because of increased trap effects and Fermi-level shifts, which lower mobility and result in threshold voltage instability. The potential of ZnO-based TFTs for high-performance analog and optoelectronic applications is highlighted by their optimal performance at room temperature. These results, which enable the extraction of analog FoMs pertinent to circuit designers, are based on a device model calibrated to experimental data and a methodical sweep of dielectric material, dielectric thickness, and operating temperature.

In this work, effect of active layer thickness on the performance of a-IGZO based TFT has been studied by using ATLAS 2D device simulator of SILVACO TCAD software. Here, the effect of channel thickness on electrical performance of the device was studied. High mobility (> 51cm2V-1s-1) was observed for all TFTs. Threshold voltage shows an incremental nature with channel thickness. Subthreshold value and current ratio show deterioration with increase in channel thickness.

The study reports on the design and performance of two air-filled and two partial ethanol-filled photonic crystal fiber (PCF) structures with a tetra core for supercontinuum generation. The PCFs are nonlinear with ultra-flattened zero dispersion. Holes with smaller areas are used to create a tetra-core PCF structure. Ethanol is filled in the holes of smaller area while the larger holes of cladding region are air-filled. Optical properties including dispersion, effective mode area, confinement loss, normalized frequency, and nonlinear coefficient of the designed PCF structures are investigated via full vector finite difference time domain (FDTD) method. A PCF structure with lead silicate as wafer exhibits significantly better results than a PCF structure with silica as wafer. However, both structures report dispersion at a telecommunication wavelength corresponding to 1.55 μm. Furthermore, the PCF structure with lead silicate as wafer exhibits a very high nonlinear coefficient corresponding to 1375 W−1km−1 at the same wavelength. This scheme can be used for optical communication systems and in optical devices by exploiting the principle of nonlinearity.

Two photonic crystal fiber structures with quad-core have been investigated in this paper. Both the structures are geometrically similar but have different background materials. Both PCF structures exhibit very high birefringence. However, structure with silica background material reports birefringence of the order 10−2. It is to be noted that, this PCF structure has also shown zero dispersion behavior over a wide range of telecommunication wavelength. Moreover, the other structure with lead silicate as background material has also reported very low dispersion. Thus both the PCF structures simulated show ability to mitigate the effect of polarized mode dispersion. Besides this, other propagation characteristics like confinement loss, normalized frequency and non linear coefficient have been reported.

An optical communication system has been optimized and designed for the transmission of bit rates upto 15Gbps. The free space optics link for short haul communication at a wavelength of 1500 nanometer has been developed. For optical fiber link, non return to zero signal, modulated with Mach-Zehnder modulator is used. Free Space optics (FSO) Technology provides high bandwidth along with high data transmission over long link range. Major limitation of the FSO technology is atmospheric turbulence, which decreases data carrying capacity of the optical system with increased bit error rate (BER). In this paper, efforts have been made to mitigate or to minimize the effects of scintillation by evaluating the performance of the system through simulation. Simulated results have been analyzed and factors like Q-factor, received power, BER and eye height have been studied.

Photonic crystal fibers with different structural parameter and different material have been investigated. Silica and Lead Silicate have been used as wafer. Two PCF structures with multi core and two structures with elliptical holes in the cladding region have been considered. Elliptical holes have area four times more than those circular air holes. Structures with multi core have reported higher birefringence and large non linear coefficient. All the PCFs structure shows anomalous dispersion behavior and offered very low confinement loss.

Propagation characteristics of a PCF structure with elliptical holes arranged in a rhombic fashion has been presented in this work. Designed fiber has both circular and elliptical air holes arranged in the cladding region. The three innermost ring has elliptical holes following rhombic arrangement. Rest all are circular holes. Designed PCF structure exhibits very low dispersion at higher communication wavelengths. But at lower optical wavelengths, almost zero dispersion has been reported. Besides this, obtained confinement loss is much lower and is in the order of 10-15.

In this paper unique photonic crystal fiber (PCF) structure with nanoholes embedded have been studied. Embedded nanoholes have been filled with different materials of alcoholic groups like butanol, ethanol, methanol and propanol. Investigations of these structure shows flattened zero dispersion in visible range to far infrared regions. Simulated PCF structure reports ultra-low confinement loss of the order of 10-8 dB/km. Designed PCF promises to give large nonlinear coefficient of 3000 W-1Km-1 at 1335nm wavelengths. Numerical simulation of the fiber for the generation of supercontinuum generation (SCG) has been performed. Low power pump pulses of 50fs duration have been used. With a fiber of length of 15cm and pulses of 1kW, 2kW, 5kW and 10kW peak power, supercontinuum broadening of about 607nm, 908nm, 1987nm and 2405nm respectively.

Photonic crystal fiber (PCF) structures with do-octagonal geometry have been studied. These do-octagonal PCF structure have smaller circular holes arranged in rhombic fashion at its centre. Moreover, these small holes are doped with materials like butanol, ethanol, methanol and propanol. Do-octagonal PCF structures doped with methanol and air filled structure report very high birefringence. Ultra flattened zero dispersion has been achieved by all the simulated structures. Besides, low confinement loss and large nonlinearity have also been reported. Numerical simulation for supercontinuum generation has been performed. Supercontinuum spectra obtained for peak power 1 kW, 2 kW, 5 kW and 10 kW are 650 nm, 950 nm, 1450 nm and 2050 nm respectively.

Generation of supercontinuum has been performed for hexagonal PCF structure with square shaped holes. Supercontinuum generation has been done with seed and without seed. Obtained spectrum broadening for without seed and with seed are 1250 nm and 3750 nm respectively. Further nearly ultra-flattened zero dispersion has been achieved at wavelength 1150 nm to 1750 nm. Coupling loss reported is very low due to birefringence of 0.12. Apart from these, ultra-low confinement loss and endless single mode propagation for these investigated PCF structure has been obtained.

In this paper object detection process has been implemented using the combination of some robust algorithms. The algorithms used are SIFT, GHT and RANSAC. Two models have been proposed which using two of the above mentioned algorithms. In model one features extraction by SIFT has been processed using Generalized Hough Transform (GHT), where in other model improved RANSAC has been used to eliminate the mismatches in order to achieve better recognition resolution. Overall GHT is found to be superior technique to achieve object detection efficiently.

PCF structure with 'Y'-shaped core, 'T'-shaped core and a 'D'-shaped PCF structure have been investigated. A full vector of Finite Difference Time Domain FDTD method has been used for analysis of results. Dispersion reported by 'D'-shaped structure is found to be highly negative and structure with 'Y'-shaped core reports anomalous behavior. Moreover, structure with 'T'-shaped core reports zeros dispersion over communication wavelength. This structure also reports high birefringence and thus can be widely useful for optical communication and optical sensor. Moreover this reports single mode propagation at ultra low loss.

PCFs (Photonic Crystal Fibers) with 'T' - shaped core have been proposed in this paper. 'T' -shaped core PCF structures have been analyzed using two different background materials: silica and lead silicate. A total of 3600° rotation at an interval of 90° has been introduced in the design of PCF structures. PCF structures A, B, C and D with rotation of 0°, 90°, 180° and 270° have silica as wafer. Similarly PCF structures E, F, G and H with similar rotation have lead silicate as background material. Numerical investigations shows structures 'D', 'F', 'G' and 'H' to have anomalous dispersion. PCF structures 'F', 'G', and 'H' have reported birefringence of the order of 10-2. Besides, other PCF structures report birefringence of the order of 10-3. Ultra low confinement loss has been observed in all the investigated PCF structures. Moreover, splice loss observed by the structure is very low. Large mode area has been shown by all the designed PCF structures.

This paper presents a method to restore a degraded image with a known cause. Original image has been degraded by introducing a motion blur. Moreover, prior to this a Gaussian noise has also been added to the original image. Wavelet based algorithm, Lucy Richardson has been implemented to obtain the restored images. However an iteration of hundred times has been made with two different PSF. Obtained image has been found to be excellent. However presence of some noise in the restored image cannot be declined.

This PCF structure having core of two different English alphabet shaped have been investigated using Finite difference time domain method. 'Y'-shaped core and 'T'-shaped core has been investigated twice, by changing the background material. Two background material silica and (non silica) lead silicate have been used. PCF structure having 'T'-shaped core (structure 'C') with silica as wafer reports much better results. Structure 'C' and Structure 'D' reports zero dispersion at second and third optical windows. Birefringence reported by structure 'C' is also high and is of the order 10-2. Normalized frequency, confinement loss, splices loss and effective mode area of the designed fiber has also been studied.

Four photonic crystal fiber (PCF) structures have been investigated using Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method. These structures vary in structure and material filled in holes of cladding region. Elliptical holes equal to four times the area of circular holes have been introduced to report high birefringence. Moreover, air filled and ethanol filled holes are introduced to provide a comparison of propagation characteristics. Structure D, with lead silicate as background material and ethanol filled holes provides much better results than all other PCFs structures studied in this paper. However, other structures studied in this paper are also found to be eligible for wide application in optical communication system, optical coupler and for sensing applications.

In this paper photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) with different refractive index profiles have been investigated. A PCF structure with triangular refractive index profile of seven hexagonal rings show better performance compared to other simulated structures having same geometry but with different refractive index profiles. Dispersion characteristics of the triangular refractive index PCFs have nearly zero flattened dispersion with birefringence of the order of 2 10-2. Full vector finite difference time domain (FDTD) method has been applied for simulation using OptiFDTD software. These fibers may be used in optical communication system and optical sensors.

Photonic Crystal Fibers PCFs structure with circular holes of different dimension have been studied. Structure 'D' with holes of diameter 1.4 have shown better result than the other structure simulated in this paper. Structure 'C' structure 'D' both have shown zero dispersion behavior at telecommunication wavelength of 1.55 μm. Splice loss reported by these two structures is also very low. Thus, confirms its efficient coupling with other optical components. Besides these parameters, confinement loss, nonlinearity, effective mode area and normalized frequency of the designed PCF structure have also been studied.

A new PCF structure with variation in geometry of holes in the cladding region have been investigated using FDTD method. Holes of circular and elliptical geometry have been used for designing the proposed PCF. Elliptical holes have area four times greater than that of circular holes. Investigated structure has shown excellent results. Obtained birefringence is of the order 10-2. Relative sensitivity obtained is high. Also it reports ultra low confinement loss over wide range of optical wavelength. Besides these, endless single mode property has also been ensured in this paper.

D' shaped PCF structure have been simulated using Finite Difference Time Domain FDTD. Both 'D' shaped PCF structure and inverted 'D' shaped PCF structure have been simulated in this paper. PCF structure with inverted 'D' shape and silica as wafer has shown much better result than the other structure simulated. Structure 'C' reports very large negative dispersion at very high birefringence. However other structure other than structure 'B' also have been reported negative dispersion structure 'A', 'B' and 'D' also have reported high birefringence and low loss. Thus all these structures are capable enough to be widely applicable both in linear and non linear application.

Photonic Crystal Fibers (PCFs) with 'T' shaped core has been investigated. In one of the structure 'T' shaped core has been made a rotation of 180° in other structure. Very low dispersion has been reported by both the structures. Birefringence reported by structure A is very high. Besides confinement loss observed by both the structures are very low.

Most of the devices are small in size and require small-size antennas. In this paper, we have investigated a unique design of microstrip antenna with three PLUS-slot of equal area. The geometry is such that three PLUS symbol at an angle of 0°, 45° and 90°. Simulation has been made using HFSS software. Results of proposed antenna proves it to be a good candidate for Bluetooth and WiMAX applications. Good bandwidth, uniform radiation pattern, VSWR value nearly equal to 1 gives excellent impedance matching and better gain of the antenna are achieved.

A comparison of propagation characteristics of light have made between structure with all air holes and partly filled with ethanol and partly with air. Both Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCFs) structures are with holes of circular and elliptical geometry. First structure with air holes reports better propagation characteristics. However second structure shows negative dispersion with high birefringence. Birefringence observed for the first structure was comparatively higher of the order 10-2. Besides other characteristics like normalized frequency, effective mode area and confinement loss have also been studied. Both the structure shows a promising propagation characteristics for application in optical communication and sensor applications.

This paper presents two PCF structure with 'Y' shaped core. One structure has horizontal 'Y' and other has vertical 'Y' shaped core. Both the structure reports higher birefringence. Structure with vertical 'Y' shaped core has shown flattened low dispersion at 1.33μm and 1.55μm. Structure with vertical 'Y' shaped core reports ultra low loss. Besides two structures simulated ensures to be endlessly single mode fibers. However vertical 'Y' shaped core promises to be a better candidate for application in optical communication, optical sensors, medical purposes, soliton, supercontinnum generation and other non linear applications.

Four different Photonic Crystal Fibers (PCFs) with variation in ratio of diameter of air holes and hole to hole spacing (d/∧) has been investigated. Two different ratio of (d/∧) equals to 0.5 and 0.6 has been made in different quadrants of hexagonal PCF structures. Structure C with uniform distribution of (d/∧)= 0.6 shows excellent results. Besides all the structures reports very low dispersion and very low loss.

This paper presents propagation characteristics of three different hexagonal PCF structures which have different d / Λ ratio. It has been observed that PCF structure with uniform d / Λ shows better results. However other two structures also reports very low dispersion. Confinement loss obtained for all the three structures is of the order of 10-6. All PCFs structure allow endlessly single mode propagation. In other words all structures investigated in this paper proves to be eligible candidate for optical communication system and high data transfer with very low loss.

This paper presents propagation characteristics of light in a Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF) structure with elliptical core. It also consists of twenty two elliptical holes with area twice of circular air holes. Simulated structure reports high birefringence with ultra low loss. Moreover structure reports very low dispersion behavior. Thus structure investigated has an eligibility for being applicable in coherent optical communication system and for sensing purposes.

Multiple core photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) with wafer of two different materials silica and lead silicate has been simulated. PCF with silica as wafer reports very high birefringence and ultra low loss. However other structure investigated also reports higher birefringence. Both structure have found to allow single mode propagation. Thus both structures are found to applicable for optical sensors, optical devices and communication system.

Dodecagonal photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) filled with organic materials like propanol, butanol and ethanol have investigated. Intention is to study the behaviour of light in alcoholic groups. Propanol filled structure reports negative dispersion with high birefringence. Besides ethanol and butanol filled structure reports zero dispersion at communication wavelength. The overall birefringence reported is of order 10−3. The simulated structure has confinement loss of the order of 10−6 which is very low. Besides other properties like effective mode area, normalized frequency have also been studied.

Study of light in a material of alcoholic group has been made. Its results have been compared with silica fibers. Pentenol filled structures find to be applicable for non-linear applications. Its reports zero dispersion up to the wavelength of 1.675 μm and negative dispersion beyond that. Silica fibers have comparatively high birefringence with low loss. Besides normalized frequency and effective mode area has been studied.

Two Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCFs) structures with holes of circular and elliptical geometry have been studied. A comparison of propagation characteristics of light have been made between structure with all air holes and partly filled with ethanol and partly with air. Second structure which is partly filled shows anomalous dispersion behavior. However structure with air holes reports zero dispersion. Birefringence observed for both the structure is of the order 10-2. Besides other characteristics like normalized frequency, effective mode area and confinement loss have also been studied.

A comparison of propagation characteristics of light have made between structure with all air holes and partly filled with ethanol and partly with air. Both Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCFs) structures are with holes of circular and elliptical geometry. First structure with air holes reports better propagation characteristics. However second structure shows zero dispersion with high birefringence. Birefringence observed for both the structure is comparatively higher of the order 10-2. Besides other characteristics like normalized frequency, effective mode area and confinement loss have also been studied. Both the structure shows a promising propagation characteristics for application in optical communication and sensor applications. Normalized frequency reported shows the PCFs to allow endlessly single mode propagation.

In this paper, a new design of patch antenna with square shaped structure has been studied. Proposed antenna design consists of a 'square' shaped slot bounded by another 'square' with a rotation of 45° with respect to its symmetry. Moreover it is to be noted that both 'square' is bounded by 'square' shaped slot having larger area. Results of the proposed antenna shows good candidate for LTE, PCS and UMTS application. Uniform radiation pattern and VSWR with value less than 2 gives good impedance matching and good gain.

This paper presents two PCF structure with 'Y' shaped core. One structure has horizontal 'Y' and other has vertical 'Y' shaped core. Both the structure reports higher birefringence. Structure with vertical 'Y' shaped core has shown flattened zero dispersion at 1.33ßm and 1.55ßm. Besides two structures simulated ensures to be endlessly single mode fibers. However vertical 'Y' shaped core promises to be a better candidate for application in optical communication, optical sensors, medical purposes, soliton, supercontinnum generation and other non linear applications.

A novel design of hexagonal PCF has been investigated with variation in areas of circular air holes. The structure consists of six rings. The three outermost ring has largest circular air holes. The immediate two rings next to the innermost ring consists of smallest circular air holes. The innermost ring consists of circular air holes whose area is lesser than the three outermost rings but larger than the second and third ring. The designed fiber reports a very low dispersion. Moreover a high birefringence is observed at the first optical window. Besides, normalized frequencies and confinement loss is also studied. This fiber can be used for generation of broadband supercontinnum and soliton based devices.

Single-layer spiral capacitor utilising fractal geometry is investigated. This capacitor makes use of both lateral and vertical fluxes to improve the capacitance density. Both PCB and on-chip capacitors are designed and simulated using high-frequency structural simulator. The structures are fabricated on PCB using PCB fabrication techniques. The measurement of PCB prototype is carried out by vector network analyser. The result shows the inclusion of fractal concept to spiral capacitor increases capacitance by 10.3%, quality factor by 52.4% and 20% improvement in self-resonant frequency over conventional spiral capacitor.

A novel design of Photonic Crystal Fibers (PCFs) have been studied. The designed fiber has been simulated using OptiFDTD software. The structure has hexagonal lattice and consists of air holes of circular geometry. However with an intention to achieve high birefringence, the symmetry of the core has been broken. Two elliptical air holes with four and half times larger than circular air holes has been introduced. The simulated results shows that designed fiber reports very high birefringence. Moreover at all the four optical windows it reports birefringence of the order of 10-2. Similarly dispersion observed is very low, which assures the fiber to transmit data at higher rate. Besides these we also studied the other propagation characteristics like normalized frequency, confinement loss and mode field distribution.

A unique design of photonic crystal fiber (PCFs) has been investigated. The structure of the PCF is chosen such that is consists of equal area of elliptical air holes and circular air holes. The arrangement is such that only the central axis of the designed fiber consists of circular air holes and the perpendicular central axis also consists of circular air holes. Other than these two, all the other air holes are elliptical in shape. The designed fiber shows anomalous dispersion behavior at first and second optical windows. Moreover the birefringence reported the fiber is higher. It is to be noted that the maximum power confined in the core of the fiber. The designed fiber also reports very low loss.

A rectangular microstrip patch antenna with four half circular slots have been investigated. The geometry is considered such that all the four half circular slots are at the edges of rectangular patch. The investigated design has shown a good characteristics and was found to be applicable in UWB region. The VSWR value conforms its fabrication, and the simulated gain observed to be 4.987dB. Besides, the characteristics like radiation pattern, return loss were also studied.

A rectangular core PCF has been investigated. Core with rectangular geometry has been achieved with the help of two elliptical holes with almost twenty one times more area than that of circular holes. The simulated PCF structure has reported almost zero dispersion at second, third and fourth optical windows. It also reports low dispersion at first optical window. Moreover it reports high birefringence. It is found that maximum power has been confined at the centre. Besides normalized frequency and confinement loss has been also studied.

This paper presents results of an investigated microstrip patch antenna having different geometrical slots. These slots are equal in area. It includes the square, rectangle, circle and elliptical shaped geometry. The designed antenna has shown a return loss of-26dB. The VSWR value for the designed antenna is 1.1 at a resonating frequency of 8.51GHz. Besides radiation pattern and gain of the antenna were also studied. The designed antenna has its wide application in UWB region. However a total of seven resonating frequency was reported by the designed patch antenna.

This paper presents a new Photonic Crystal Fibers (PCFs) with all its diagonals having circular air holes. All other air holes are of elliptical geometry. Area of both the geometry are kept same. Investigated results shows that the designed fiber is eligible for high data rate transfer and for making optical sensors and devices. However dispersion reported at both the first two optical windows is very low. Moreover birefringence reported at the second optical window is comparatively higher. Besides we have studied normalized frequency, modal index number of the designed fiber.

Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCFs) with H-shaped core has been investigated. The PCFs structure consists of six elliptical holes of three different areas. The arrangement of elliptic shaped holes are made such that, it forms an H-shaped core. The simulated results shows the fiber to be highly birefringent. The order of birefringence reported is of 102 order. Dispersion observed by the designed fiber shows anomalous behavior. At all the four optical windows, reported dispersion is below 22ps / nm-km. It is to be noted that the maximum power has been confined at the core of the fiber. Besides the other propagation characteristics of fiber has also been investigated.

A new design of microstrip patch antenna has been investigated. The patch structure is chosen such that two elliptical slot of equal area has been bounded by an octagonal shaped geometry. The designed antenna reports a VSWR of 1.07 at resonating frequency of 836GHz. The observed return loss at the same resonating frequency is-23.28dB. Besides these gain and radiation pattern of the antenna has also been studied.

Four holes of elliptical geometry has been introduced in the cladding region of a photonic crystal fibers (PCFs). All four elliptical holes have equal area and is of about forty three times more than that of circular holes. Investigated structure reports itself to be a residual compensating fiber. It reports very large negative dispersion. Birefringence is found to be of higher order. Simulated structure supports endlessly single mode operation and it also offers very low loss. However structure is considered to be applicable for non linear applications.

Photonic Crystal Fibers (PCFs) structure with Liquid Helium filled in elliptical hole is simulated. Results are compared with silica PCFs by keeping the structure same. Doped fiber is found to be highly negative dispersion and reports higher birefringence. However silica fiber also reports very low dispersion and higher birefringence. Moreover both structure reports low loss. Small area of effective mode area makes them eligible for non linear applications. Besides normalized frequency has also been calculated and it was found that fiber supports single mode operation.

Four holes of elliptical geometry doped with nematic liquid has been introduced in the cladding region of a photonic crystal fibers (PCFs). All four elliptical holes have equal area and is of about forty three times more than that of circular holes. Investigated structure reports itself to be a anomalous dispersive fiber. It reports very small dispersion. Birefringence is found to be of higher order. Simulated structure supports endlessly single mode operation and it also offers very low loss. However structure is considered to be applicable for linear and non linear applications.

Elliptical holes of Photonic Crystal Fibers (PCFs) structure is filled with benzene and simulated. Results are compared with undoped silica PCFs by keeping the structure same. Doped fiber is found to be highly birefringent and reports negative dispersion. However silica fiber also reports very low dispersion and higher birefringence. Moreover both structure reports low loss. Small area of effective mode area makes them eligible for non linear applications.

Simulation results of a Photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) structure with two elliptical holes and circular holes have been studied. Area of elliptical holes are sixteen times more than that of circular holes. The simulation results shows that designed fiber can have wide application in various linear and nonlinear applications. The birefringence reported is very high and is of the order of 10-2. Dispersion observed at all the four optical windows is very low. However the reported dispersion is below 20ps/nm-km. Thus designed fibers can be used for optical sensor, optical switching and broadband amplification and other nonlinear properties. Besides we have studied confinement loss and normalized frequency of the designed fiber.

We have investigated a unique design of microstrip patch antenna. The design of patch consists of four different geometry cut-out having equal area. The geometry includes square, rectangle, circle and ellipse. The simulated results of the proposed antenna shows its wide application in ultra wideband region. Moreover, the designed antenna has reported a quadruple band. The reported resonating frequencies are-3.8800GHz, 6.3100GHz, 8.5150GHz and 9.3700GHz. Besides the reported return loss is -23dB. The designed fiber reports a bandwidth of 630MHz at a resonating frequency of 9.3700GHz. The observed VSWR value for the designed antenna is 1.1362. We have also studied the radiation pattern of the designed antenna.

We have investigated two unique design S-shaped and U-shaped PCF structure. The geometry is chosen such that the S-shaped PCF structure is diagonally symmetrical whereas the U-shaped PCF structure is vertically symmetrical. The Sshaped PCF structure exhibits zero dispersion at three point within the third optical window. However, the U-shaped PCF structure reports zero dispersion at first optical window. Besides, we have studied the other properties like birefringence, normalized frequency and confinement loss for the designed fiber. It is to be noted that S- shaped PCF structure was found more suitable than U- shaped PCF structure for application purpose.

In this paper we show a comparison of two hexagonal geometries of Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF). These geometries are different with respect to the area of circular air holes. The area of circular air holes is kept fixed for a structure and is kept increasing and decreasing alternatively with increase in number of rings for another structure. Both structure considered consists of seven rings. The structure with variation in area of air-holes shows negative dispersion for a wide range of wavelength. The birefringence of PCF structure with variation in area of circular air hole is high compare to that of other proposed PCF structure. The confinement Loss reported is of the order of 10 for both the PCF structure. But one of the structures with variation in area of circular air holes shows comparatively low confinement loss. The confinement factor was reported to be uniform for all the structures in this paper. The mode field pattern for both the structures appears to be a flower like shape with entire field being concentrated in the core and without leakage to cladding. The far field pattern (FFP) is also observed for both the structures.

We presents a photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) structures with unique arrangement of air holes with variation in areas. The structure has shown its superiority in communication application. However the structure also has found its application in sensor. Besides this confinement loss and normalized frequency for the proposed structures has also been studied.

Two Photonic Crystal Fibers (PCFs) structure has been investigated. One of the PCFs structure has ethanol as the wafer, where as the other structure has soft glass as the wafer. Both the PCFs structure has seven ring of circular air holes. The first structure has shown very low dispersion at the first optical window. The second structure reports an anamolous dispersion behavior. A very low loss and high birefringence was observed for the second proposed structure.

Multi-core Photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) has been investigated in this paper. The structure has core doped with ethanol. Anamolous dispersion behavior was observed for the first and second optical window. Moreover it has reported high birefringence. Moreover normalized frequency and loss for the designed PCFs has also been studied.

Two Photonic Crystal Fibers (PCFs) structure has been investigated. One of the PCFs structure has ethanol as the wafer, where as the other structure has soft glass as the wafer. Both the PCFs structure has seven ring of circular air holes. The first structure has shown very low dispersion at the first optical window. The second structure reports an anamolous dispersion behavior. A very low loss and high birefringence was observed for the second proposed structure.

In this paper an unique design of photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) has been investigated which contains a predefined arrangements of circular and elliptical air holes. The structure has reported zero dispersion at first and second optical window. Moreover a high birefringence with low loss has also been reported. We also have studied the properties like normalized frequency for the designed fiber.

We have investigated a unique design of microstrip antenna with dual band. The designed antenna constitutes of two C-shaped slots on patch. The C-shaped slots are arranged such that they form the mirror image of each other. The spacing between the two slots is chosen of 0.1cm. The proposed design reports a dual band with resonating frequency lying in ultra wideband region. The optimum gain reported for designed antenna is 6.1869dB. The return loss observed for antenna is-24.0982dB. Besides we have investigated VSWR which reports to be 1.0852.

A unique 'ϵ' shaped microstrip patch antenna with substrate 'Rogers RT/duroid 5880(tm)' has been investigated in this paper. The parametric study of the proposed structure is carried out using ANSOFT HFSS software. A dual frequency band response is obtained which is suitable for Wi-Max and WLAN applications. VSWR values of 1.0643and 1.1535 are obtained at the frequencies 2.2040GHz and 2.7780GHz respectively. High gain is also observed at both the frequencies. Besides the other characteristics were also studied with the help of smith chart and radiation pattern.

We have investigated a unique design of microstrip antenna with four elliptical slots of equal size. The geometry is made such that each elliptical slot is perpendicular to each other. The designed antenna has been simulated using HFSS software. It reports the VSWR value to be 1.0978 which is in the case of perfect matching. Moreover, the return loss observed is about-26.6247dB at an optimum frequency of 1.9425GHz. The gain calculated was 7.8355dB and the radiation pattern shows that all the energy is being radiated in one direction. Besides, smith chart has also been investigated.

We have investigated a unique design of PCFs with multi-core. The geometry of the designed fiber is chosen such that it consists of thirty seven circles bounded by circular air holes. The designed fiber has shown an anomalous dispersion behavior at the first and second optical window. Besides the other properties like birefringence, confinement loss and normalized frequency for the designed fiber has also been investigated. However the proposed design can be considered to be a good candidate for application in optical communication and data transfer purposes.

In this paper we show a comparison of two hexagonal geometries of Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF). These geometries are different with respect to the area of circular air holes. The area of circular air holes is kept fixed for a structure and is kept decreasing with increase in number of rings for another structure. Both structure considered consists of seven rings. One of the PCF structure with decreasing area of circular air holes report negative dispersion for wide range of wavelength. The birefringence of PCF structure with decreasing area of circular air hole is high compare to that of other PCF structure investigated. The confinement Loss reported is of the order of 10-5 for both the PCF structure in this paper. The confinement factor was reported to be uniform for all the structures in this paper. The mode field pattern for both the structures appears to be a flower like shape with entire field being concentrated in the core and without leakage to cladding. The far field pattern (FFP) is also observed for both the structures.

In this paper we propose some new geometries of Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF). These new geometries are derived from the design of antenna of different geometry. We have used the concept of C-shaped, L-shaped, E-shaped and H-shaped antenna for designing the PCF. At a wavelength of 0.85 μm the C-shaped PCF structure report the most negative dispersion and almost zero otherwise. The birefringence of H-shaped PCF structure is high compare to that of other proposed PCF structure. The confinement Loss reported is of the order of 10-3 for all the proposed PCF structures. The confinement factor was reported to be maximum for all the proposed structures other than proposed C-shaped PCF structure. The far field pattern (FFP) is observed of elliptical shape for H-shaped and L-shaped PCF structure whereas it is of circular shape for C-shaped and E-shaped PCF structure.

This paper presents an unique design of PCFs. The proposed structures have reported anamolous dipersion. Two photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) structures one with ethanol doped holes at alternate rings and other with air holes at all seven rings have been studied. The ethanol dopoed structure reported low dispersion and very low loss compared to the air holes. We have employed FDTD method for the study of various optical parameters. Important parameters like birefringence and V number have also been studied and reported.

In this paper we have proposed some new photonic crystal fiber structures whose geometries are derived from the polynomials of Pascal's Triangle (PT). The simulation of the proposed structures are carried out using OptiFDTD simulator with full vector mode solver using finite difference time domain (FDTD). The dispersion observed for the proposed structure was almost zero upto a wavelength of 8□m. The confinement loss reported for the proposed structure shows an increasing curve with respect to the wavelength. However the birefringence reported for the proposed structure shows an linear relationship with the wavelength. The birefringence increases with the increase of wavelength. Moreover the curve between normalised wavelength and modal index number also shows a desirable result. The structure having negligible wavelength are most desirable structures for the design of Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF).