Seafood plays a pivotal role in global nutrition and sustainability, yet its safety is frequently compromised by a wide array of hazards encountered throughout the aquatic food chain. This comprehensive review integrates bibliometric analysis of 1524 peer-reviewed publications (2000–2024) with an in-depth scientific discussion of physical, chemical, and biological threats affecting seafood safety. Keyword mapping using VOSviewer identified six major research clusters, revealing a clear temporal shift from contaminant detection toward exposure-based risk assessment, public health relevance, and regulatory concerns, with dominant contributions from North America, Europe, and East Asia. The scientific synthesis highlights key hazards, including foreign materials (e.g., bones, glass, metals), toxic environmental contaminants (e.g., heavy metals, microplastics, marine biotoxins), and microbial risks involving spoilage organisms, bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. The review further outlines hazard-specific control strategies, emphasizing biofilm-associated microbial persistence as a cross-cutting challenge and evaluating emerging intervention technologies within a risk-based and One Health framework. Overall, this integrated approach advances seafood safety research by aligning global research trends with hazard prioritization and risk-informed management strategies.