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Generation and intensity-based characterization of multi-helix conical beams and their application for optical encoding

Year : 2026

Publisher : Elsevier Ltd

Source Title : Optics and Lasers in Engineering

Document Type :

Abstract

In this study, we demonstrate the generation of multi-helix conical beams (MHCB) using the computer-generated holography by modifying the helico-conical phase function implemented through a spatial light modulator. These beams are governed by multiple parameters such as the topological charge (TC), helicity, and the number of spirals present in the beam. We propose a single-shot intensity measurement technique by making these beams interact with astigmatic phase modulation to detect the TC and the number of spirals. The experimental results are well supported by the numerically simulated results, and we also explore the effects of astigmatic phase parameter (β). The number of dark fringes present in the modulated intensity distribution indicates the magnitude of TC and its sign (helicity) has been revealed using the orientation of these fringes. The number of spirals is equal to the number of sectors present in the outer region of the modulated intensity distribution. We also demonstrate a potential application of these beams for optical encryption; the information is encoded in TC of the beam and further decoded experimentally.