Multiple Resonator–Loaded Electrically Small Antennas for Wireless Devices

Publications

Multiple Resonator–Loaded Electrically Small Antennas for Wireless Devices

Year : 2024

Publisher : Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH

Source Title : Signals and Communication Technology

Document Type :

Abstract

Electrically small antennas (ESAs) have several inherent characteristics. These include a compact size, cost-effectiveness, lightweight design, and ease of integration. Due to these advantages, ESAs are widely preferred for use in miniaturized wireless devices such as mobile phones, laptops, routers, dongles, indoor base stations, and various other Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled devices. Numerous techniques, such as reactive element loading, metamaterial-inspired structure loading, and external matching circuit loading techniques, have been reported in the literature for designing ESAs. While these techniques are useful, they possess some limitations, such as scalability issues, complicated designs, etc. Moreover, the incorporation of additional reactive elements and external matching circuits with an antenna is challenging while maintaining compact surface area, low-quality factor, high gain, bandwidth, and acceptable radiation efficiency. This chapter discusses scalable techniques to mitigate challenges in designing multiband/wideband efficient electrically small antennas while maintaining a small surface area. The first part of this chapter discusses multiple stub–loaded triple-band electrically small antennas, where stubs act as distributed impedance-matching elements for the intended resonance frequency. In this chapter, the dimensions and position of the stubs are predicted by observing variations of the impedance curve in the Smith chart, which is an effective and efficient approach to designing ESAs while maintaining a compact surface area. The second design in this chapter is a multi-resonator-loaded wideband ESA. Here, the design technique involves merging two closely space resonating modes into a single passband to improve the bandwidth of ESA. The dimensional parameters of the stub are optimized to tune the impedance behavior of resonating modes. The stub resonators used in the presented antenna design are loaded by observing the field and current distribution on the radiating element to achieve maximum radiation efficiency with monopole-type radiation patterns. The proposed antenna configurations in this chapter satisfy Chu’s criteria for an electrically small antenna (ESA), which is achieved when the electrical size K × a is less than 1. This indicates that the proposed antennas are indeed electrically small. The design techniques discussed in this chapter are scalable and easy to implement, making them suitable for designing ESAs for miniaturized wireless devices operating at any frequency band.