The escalating adversities of climate change increasingly jeopardise agriculture in coastal Indian states like Odisha. The significance of the agriculture sector for the state necessitates effectively mitigating the adverse climatic impacts. Strengthening the resilience of agriculture has been widely acknowledged as one of the most effective strategies for mitigating negative climatic impacts. Framing and implementing essential resilience-enhancing measures depends on a comprehensive preliminary assessment of existing resilience. This study estimates agricultural resilience to climate change in Odisha by constructing district-level composite indicators. The Principal Component Analysis and Analytic Hierarchy Process are employed to assign weights to a multidimensional set of indicators and aggregate them into composite indicators. In addition, the Cluster Analysis is employed to identify heterogeneity among the districts in terms of their agricultural resilience. The study finds that the coastal districts in the state have the lowest agricultural resilience, which may be attributed to the higher vulnerability of these districts to a number of climatic risks. The composite indicators further highlight the need for region-specific interventions. Similarly, the interplay of multiple social and environmental factors is found to influence resilience, underscoring crucial implications for public decision-making.

The continuous increase in environmental challenges has significantly propelled global attention towards sustainable development. The construct of sustainable development hinges on the optimal allocation of resources, which is optimized by efficient market mechanisms. However, given the incompetency of market mechanisms in specific contexts, such as environmental externalities, designing and enforcing environmental regulations can serve as an alternative pathway to guide resources for optimal allocation. The effectiveness of environmental regulation is realized both within and across the regions. However, unlike the local impacts, the significant realm of the spatial spillover effects has only recently started to attract the attention of the researchers. The gap in knowledge regarding the spatial spillover effects is striking, given their theoretical and practical significance. Addressing the gap, this study offers a comprehensive review of existing literature on the spatial spillover effect of environmental regulation in Asia. This study presents a framework to consolidate the different approaches and outcomes of existing studies. This framework may enhance the understanding of the generation and function of the spatial spillover effects of environmental regulation. This framework is also supposed to enhance the scope and effectiveness of environmental regulatory policy measures.